The difference between selling a crypto asset after 11 months and holding it 13 months can be worth thousands of dollars in tax savings in the United States, tens of thousands of yen in Japan, or the entire tax bill in Germany or Portugal. Holding-period distinctions are now among the most consequential variables in personal crypto tax planning globally, and the divergence between countries has widened significantly as more jurisdictions enacted or revised digital asset tax frameworks between 2023 and 2025.
In 2026, at least 7 distinct structural models govern how short-term and long-term crypto gains are treated across the world’s major economies: progressive income brackets applied to all gains regardless of holding period, flat-rate regimes with no time-based distinction, full exemption after a threshold holding period, tiered relief that reduces rates over time, no tax at any holding period, and hybrid systems that apply different rules to different transaction types. Understanding exactly where each jurisdiction sits, and by how much the short-term and long-term rates actually differ, is increasingly essential as global reporting frameworks tighten.
At KoinX, we track crypto tax developments across jurisdictions to help investors and tax professionals make accurate, compliant filings, and the data below reflects the holding-period rate structures that matter most in 2026.
Scope and Methodology
Statistics in this article are drawn from primary sources published between 2023 and early 2026, including official tax authority publications from the IRS, HMRC, Japan’s Financial Services Agency (FSA), and Germany’s Federal Ministry of Finance (BMF); original reports from Blockpit and CoinCub covering 2024 and 2025 global crypto tax rates; the OECD Taxation Working Paper No. 72 on taxing capital gains; and EY and PwC country-level tax reform analyses.
Only jurisdictions with verifiable, published rate data are included. Rates reflect individual (not corporate) investor treatment. Where a country applies progressive income bands, the top marginal rate is stated unless otherwise noted. All figures are for the most recent available tax year unless explicitly flagged. The geographic scope spans North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, South Asia, and select emerging markets. Statistics derived from secondary aggregators or blog summaries without traceable primary citations have been excluded.
Global Rate Benchmarks: Short-Term vs Long-Term at a Glance
- The global average short-term crypto capital gains tax rate across surveyed jurisdictions was 17.3% in 2024, while the global average long-term rate was 11.12%, a differential of 6.18 percentage points, based on the 2024 Crypto Tax Report by Blockpit and CoinCub.
- Most long-term crypto tax rates across 100+ jurisdictions fall into 3 clusters: 0% (full exemption), 10% to 15% (low flat), and 19% to 30% (mid-to-high flat), with the global long-term benchmark remaining near 11%, based on the 2025 Global Crypto Tax Report by Blockpit and PwC.
- Progressive income systems applied to crypto gains push short-term effective rates into the 40% to 55% range in Japan, Denmark, Australia, and Canada, making them the highest short-term rate cluster globally, based on the 2025 Global Crypto Tax Report by Blockpit and PwC.
- The United States taxes short-term crypto gains at ordinary income rates of 10% to 37% for assets held 1 year or less, versus long-term rates of 0%, 15%, or 20% for assets held more than 1 year, based on IRS Topic No. 409 on Capital Gains and Losses updated for tax year 2025.
- Germany, Portugal, Luxembourg, and Croatia are among the jurisdictions that reduce the crypto tax rate to 0% after a defined holding period of 12 months, 12 months, 6 months, and 24 months respectively, illustrating that 4 OECD-adjacent economies have eliminated long-term crypto tax entirely through holding-period rules, based on the 2025 Global Crypto Tax Report by Blockpit and PwC.
- 56% of countries worldwide treat crypto income as taxable in 2025, up from 48% in 2024, meaning that as more jurisdictions formalise taxation, the short-term vs long-term rate distinction is becoming a structural feature in an expanding majority of tax systems, based on CoinLaw’s 2025 global crypto tax reporting statistics.
United States: 10%–37% Short-Term vs 0%–20% Long-Term
- US short-term crypto gains (assets held 1 year or less) are taxed as ordinary income at rates ranging from 10% to 37% depending on total taxable income, while long-term gains (assets held more than 1 year) are taxed at 0%, 15%, or 20%, based on IRS Topic No. 409 for tax year 2025 filings.
- High-income US investors with modified adjusted gross income above $200,000 (single) or $250,000 (married filing jointly) pay an additional 3.8% Net Investment Income Tax (NIIT) on top of either short-term or long-term crypto gains, based on IRS guidance on the Net Investment Income Tax under IRC Section 1411.
- The maximum effective US short-term crypto tax rate is 40.8% for top earners (37% ordinary income rate plus 3.8% NIIT), compared to a maximum long-term rate of 23.8% (20% plus 3.8% NIIT), a rate differential of 17 percentage points at the top bracket, based on IRS 2025 rate schedules from IRS Revenue Procedure 2025-19.
- The 15% long-term capital gains bracket applies to US single filers with taxable income between $48,351 and $533,400 for the 2025 tax year, meaning the majority of US crypto investors who hold assets over 1 year pay a 15% rate, based on IRS Revenue Procedure 2025-19 inflation-adjusted thresholds.
United Kingdom: 18%/24% Flat CGT With No Holding-Period Distinction
- The United Kingdom applies a flat Capital Gains Tax rate of 18% for basic-rate taxpayers and 24% for higher-rate taxpayers on all crypto disposals regardless of holding period, with no distinction between short-term and long-term gains, based on HMRC crypto guidance updated for the 2025/26 tax year.
- The UK annual CGT-free allowance is £3,000 for both the 2024/25 and 2025/26 tax years, down from £6,000 in 2023/24 and £12,300 in 2022/23, a reduction of 75.6% over 3 years, based on the 2026 Blockpit UK crypto tax guide citing HMRC official guidance.
- The UK raised its CGT rates from 10% and 20% to 18% and 24% effective 30 October 2024, applying the new higher rates to all crypto disposals made on or after that date regardless of how long the asset was held, based on the 2025 Global Crypto Tax Report by Blockpit and PwC.
Germany: 0%–45% Short-Term vs 0% Long-Term After 12 Months
- Germany exempts all crypto capital gains from tax for assets held more than 12 months, applying a 0% rate on long-term disposals regardless of gain size, while short-term gains (held 12 months or less) are taxed at progressive income rates of 0% to 45% plus a 5.5% solidarity surcharge on income tax above €18,130, based on Germany’s Income Tax Act §23 EStG as documented in the Blockpit 2025/26 Germany crypto tax guide.
- Germany’s short-term crypto gains annual exemption threshold was raised from €600 to €1,000 in tax year 2024, meaning total private-sale gains under €1,000 per year remain tax-free even within the 12-month holding window, based on the Blockpit 2025/26 Germany crypto tax guide citing BMF guidance.
- Germany’s additional income threshold for staking, mining, and lending rewards is €256 per year, below which such crypto income is entirely tax-free, based on the Awaken Tax 2025 Germany crypto tax guide citing §22 EStG of the Income Tax Act.
- The effective short-term crypto tax rate in Germany ranges from 0% to 45% depending on the taxpayer’s income bracket, with the top income tax band applying to income above €277,826, based on Germany’s progressive income tax table as cited in the Blockpit 2025/26 Germany crypto tax guide.
Portugal: 28% Short-Term vs 0% Long-Term After 365 Days
- Portugal applies a flat 28% capital gains tax on crypto held for less than 365 days (short-term) and 0% on crypto held for more than 365 days (long-term) for non-professional individual investors, a regime implemented from 2023 with full application through 2025, based on the Koinly 2026 Portugal crypto tax guide.
- Portugal’s 28% short-term rate represents a holding-period tax saving of 28 percentage points compared to the 0% long-term rate, making the 365-day threshold one of the largest binary rate differentials of any OECD jurisdiction, based on the 2025 Global Crypto Tax Report by Blockpit and PwC.
- Portugal’s crypto-to-crypto swaps reset the 365-day holding period from the date of the new asset, meaning investors who trade between cryptocurrencies before the 365-day mark may trigger the 28% short-term rate on subsequent disposals, based on the Koinly 2026 Portugal crypto tax guide citing Portuguese tax authority guidance.
Japan: Up to 55% Short-Term and Long-Term (No Holding-Period Distinction)
- Japan currently taxes all crypto gains under miscellaneous income at combined national and local progressive rates reaching up to 55% at the top bracket, with no distinction between short-term and long-term holding periods, based on the 2025 Global Crypto Tax Report by Blockpit and PwC covering more than 100 territories.
- Japan’s proposed 2026 tax reform, confirmed in EY’s analysis of the December 2025 tax reform outline, would replace the current up-to-55% miscellaneous income classification with a flat 20.315% rate (15% national income tax, 2.1% reconstruction surtax, 5% local inhabitant tax) for qualifying crypto asset transfers, based on the EY Japan Tax Reform Outline published 24 December 2025.
- A 2023 Japan Blockchain Association (JBA) survey found that over 60% of potential investors cited Japan’s high tax rate as the primary barrier to market participation, reflecting the behavioural impact of a regime with no long-term rate relief, based on JBA data cited in a December 2025 reform analysis.
- Japan’s spot crypto trading volume on domestic regulated exchanges was approximately 1.5 trillion yen in September 2024, based on Japan Virtual and Crypto Assets Exchange Association (JVCEA) data cited in a December 2025 Yahoo Finance report, with the 55% top rate cited as a key factor suppressing institutional participation.
Australia: Up to 47% Short-Term vs Up to ~23.5% Long-Term After 12 Months
- Australia taxes short-term crypto gains (assets held less than 12 months) at marginal income tax rates from 0% to 45% plus a 2% Medicare levy, with an effective maximum short-term rate of approximately 47% for high-income earners, based on the Summ 2025 Australia crypto tax guide citing ATO rate schedules for 2024/25 and 2025/26.
- Australian investors who hold crypto for more than 12 months qualify for a 50% CGT discount, reducing the effective maximum rate from approximately 47% to approximately 23.5%, based on the Summ 2025 Australia crypto tax guide citing ATO official guidance.
- Australia’s 50% CGT discount for assets held more than 12 months saves a top-bracket investor approximately 23.5 percentage points compared to the short-term rate, representing the largest holding-period discount in dollar terms among the Asia-Pacific jurisdictions reviewed, based on the Summ 2025 Australia crypto tax guide.
- In May 2024, the ATO announced a data-matching program requesting transaction and personal details for 1.2 million Australian crypto investors from exchanges to enforce compliance with CGT obligations including holding-period classification, based on the Koinly 2026 Australia crypto tax guide citing ATO announcements.
India: 30% on All Gains With No Holding-Period Distinction
- India applies a flat 30% tax on all virtual digital asset (VDA) gains under Section 115BBH of the Income Tax Act, with no distinction between short-term and long-term holdings, plus a 4% health and education cess making the effective rate 31.2%, unchanged in India’s Budget 2026-27, based on the Koinly 2026 India crypto tax guide.
- India also imposes a 1% Tax Deducted at Source (TDS) on all VDA transactions above ₹10,000 per financial year under Section 194S, a levy applied regardless of holding period that further increases the effective cost of short-term trading beyond the 30% gains tax, based on the Koinly 2026 India crypto tax guide.
- Indian crypto exchange trading volumes declined by up to 70% following the introduction of the 30% flat tax and 1% TDS in 2022, with WazirX recording a 63% volume drop, demonstrating measurable behavioural impact when no long-term rate relief exists in a high-growth market, based on a 2025 CoinTelegraph analysis.
Slovakia: 19%–25% Short-Term vs 7% Long-Term After 12 Months
- Slovakia introduced a 7% long-term capital gains tax rate for crypto held more than 1 year effective from 2024, replacing the prior system under which all gains were taxed at 19% or 25% depending on income, based on the 2025 Global Crypto Tax Report by Blockpit and PwC.
- Short-term crypto gains in Slovakia (held 1 year or less) continue to be taxed at 19% for lower-income earners and 25% for higher-income earners, meaning the holding-period differential is 12 to 18 percentage points depending on income bracket, based on the 2025 Global Crypto Tax Report by Blockpit and PwC.
- Slovakia also removed health insurance levies from crypto gains held more than 1 year under its 2024 reform, further reducing the all-in effective tax burden on long-term holdings beyond the 7% headline rate, based on the 2025 Global Crypto Tax Report by Blockpit and PwC.
Luxembourg: Up to ~42% Short-Term vs 0% Long-Term After 6 Months
- Luxembourg exempts crypto capital gains held for more than 6 months from tax entirely, treating them as private capital gains not subject to income tax, while gains from holdings of 6 months or less are classified as speculative income and taxed at progressive income rates reaching up to approximately 42%, based on the 2025 Global Crypto Tax Report by Blockpit and PwC.
- Luxembourg’s 6-month holding-period threshold for a 0% long-term rate is the shortest qualifying period of any 0%-long-term-rate jurisdiction reviewed, compared to 12 months in Germany and Portugal, based on the 2025 Global Crypto Tax Report by Blockpit and PwC.
Spain: 19%–30% on All Gains (No Holding-Period Distinction for CGT)
- Spain taxes crypto capital gains as savings income (Renta del Ahorro) under a progressive savings tax schedule: 19% on gains up to €6,000, 21% on €6,001 to €50,000, 23% on €50,001 to €200,000, 27% on €200,001 to €300,000, and 30% on gains above €300,000, with no holding-period distinction, based on the 2025 Global Crypto Tax Report by Blockpit and PwC.
- Spain added the 30% top band for crypto gains above €300,000 as a new rate in its 2024-25 savings income reform, replacing the prior top band of 28%, based on the 2025 Global Crypto Tax Report by Blockpit and PwC.
- Spain taxes crypto income from staking and mining as general income (Renta General) at progressive rates reaching up to 47%, meaning income-generating crypto activities can face a materially higher rate than passive capital gains even within Spain’s single-tier CGT regime, based on Coincub’s 2025 Europe crypto tax guide.
Italy: 26% Flat on Gains Above €2,000 (No Holding-Period Distinction)
- Italy applies a flat 26% capital gains tax on crypto profits exceeding €2,000 per year with no distinction between short-term and long-term holdings, with gains below the €2,000 threshold entirely exempt, based on the Coincub 2025 Europe crypto tax guide citing Italian tax authority rules in effect from 2023 through 2025.
- Italy’s staking, mining, and airdrop income falls under progressive income tax rates ranging from 23% to 43%, creating a two-tier effective tax structure where passive capital gains face 26% while active crypto income can reach 43%, based on the Coincub 2025 Europe crypto tax guide.
France: 30% Flat on Retail Gains (No Holding-Period Distinction)
- France taxes individual crypto capital gains under a 30% Prélèvement Forfaitaire Unique (PFU), which combines 12.8% income tax with 17.2% social contributions, applied to all disposal gains regardless of holding period, based on the 2025 Awaken Tax global crypto tax landscape analysis.
- French professional crypto traders (classified under BIC rules as Bénéfices Industriels et Commerciaux) pay progressive income tax reaching up to 45%, compared to the 30% flat PFU for retail investors, a gap of up to 15 percentage points depending on income, based on the 2025 Awaken Tax global crypto tax landscape analysis.
Additional Jurisdictions: Key Holding-Period Rate Data
- Austria applies a flat 27.5% tax on all crypto capital gains with no holding-period distinction, aligning crypto with its tax treatment of dividends and interest income, based on the 2025 Global Crypto Tax Report by Blockpit and PwC covering more than 100 territories.
- Poland applies a flat 19% tax on all crypto gains with no holding-period relief, one of the lowest flat rates in the EU for active crypto traders, based on the 2025 Global Crypto Tax Report by Blockpit and PwC.
- Sweden applies a flat 30% capital gains tax on all crypto disposals with no holding-period reduction, with staking and mining income additionally subject to progressive income tax rates of 32% to 52%, based on the Coincub 2025 Europe crypto tax guide.
- Croatia exempts crypto gains from tax entirely after a 2-year holding period, placing it among 3 identified jurisdictions (alongside Germany at 12 months and Luxembourg at 6 months) that eliminate crypto CGT through holding-period rules in the 2025 Global Crypto Tax Report by Blockpit and PwC covering more than 100 territories.
- Nigeria formalised a 10% capital gains tax on digital asset disposals through its 2023 Finance Act, applicable regardless of holding period, and this rate now shapes 2025 compliance obligations, based on the 2025 Global Crypto Tax Report by Blockpit and PwC.
- The Philippines formalised a capital gains tax of up to 15% on crypto disposals plus regular income tax on mining and staking and VAT on crypto payments, applicable regardless of holding period, based on the 2025 Global Crypto Tax Report by Blockpit and PwC.
- South Korea delayed its planned 20% crypto gains tax for the 3rd time, now set for 2027, maintaining its prior exempt regime in 2025 and making it 1 of approximately 4 G20 economies with no active crypto-specific CGT in 2025, based on the 2025 Global Crypto Tax Report by Blockpit and PwC.
- Ukraine proposed a flat 6.5% effective crypto tax rate (5% income tax plus 1.5% military levy) applicable to all gains regardless of holding period under its draft virtual assets law, one of the lowest proposed rates among emerging markets, based on the 2025 Global Crypto Tax Report by Blockpit and PwC.
Jurisdictions With 0% on All Crypto Gains
- The UAE, Bahrain, Bermuda, the Cayman Islands, El Salvador, Singapore (for individuals), and Switzerland (for private investors) all maintain 0% capital gains tax on individual crypto disposals with no minimum holding period required, based on the 2025 Global Crypto Tax Report by Blockpit and PwC.
- As of 2025, most zero-tax crypto jurisdictions including the UAE, Singapore, and Switzerland participate in either CARF (Crypto-Asset Reporting Framework) or CRS (Common Reporting Standard) information exchange, meaning 0% on local gains does not prevent foreign tax authorities from receiving transaction data, and 48 countries have committed to implementing CARF reporting by 2026, based on the 2024 Blockpit and CoinCub Crypto Tax Report.
Global Policy Trends: Holding-Period Regimes and Rate Changes
- The 2025 Global Crypto Tax Report by Blockpit and PwC, covering more than 100 territories, identifies 5 distinct holding-period tax structures globally: no-distinction flat or progressive rates, full exemption after a fixed holding period, tiered rate reductions over time, zero-tax at all holding periods, and progressive systems with separate CGT treatment.
- Slovakia’s 2024 introduction of a 7% long-term rate alongside its existing 19%-25% short-term rate was cited as a “genuine incentive to hold more than a year” and one of the few new holding-period reforms globally to reduce the short-term rate differential rather than eliminate it entirely, based on the 2025 Global Crypto Tax Report by Blockpit and PwC.
- Indonesia increased its crypto trade levy from 0.1% to 0.21% of transaction value in 2024-25 and removed VAT on crypto transactions in August 2025, restructuring how the effective transaction cost differs between active traders and long-term holders, based on the 2025 Global Crypto Tax Report by Blockpit and PwC.
- The OECD Taxation Working Paper No. 72 on taxing capital gains (2025) documents that holding-period relief for capital gains exists in 14 OECD countries, with rates typically falling by 5 to 20 percentage points for long-term holdings in those jurisdictions that apply time-based distinctions, based on the OECD Taxation Working Papers series.
References
![[object Object]](/_next/static/media/ISO_27001-2022_certification.ae776691.svg)
![[object Object]](/_next/static/media/GDPR_Compliance.a2dc5933.svg)
![[object Object]](/_next/static/media/SOC_2_Type_II_certification.dd69381e.svg)
